Class 12 English Guide Human Right and the age of Inequality (By:-Samuel Moyn) Summary Exercise Question Answer With Solution

 Class 12 English Guide

5.Human Right and the age of Inequlity     (By:-Samuel Moyn)

      

Summary     

              

     In “Human Rights and the Age of Inequality” Samuel Moyn deals with the drastic mismatch between the egalitarian (equal) crisis and the human rights remedy that demands not a substitute but a supplement. He points out that the human rights regime and movement are simply not equipped to challenge global inequalities.

Moyn tells a story about Croesus, the last Lydian king, who was rich and thought he was the happiest person on Earth. To him, his people should be happy and free of any pain, but he didn't want to spend his money on them. After he lost, the Persian King Cyrus the Great and his troops took over his money. 

The author compares this situation to today's world, where there is a lot of inequality and not enough money and resources for everyone. There hasn't been any progress toward equal rights and property for rich and poor people around the world. In order to solve all of these problems, you need to make sure everyone gets the same amount of money. He finds it hard to do this in real life. To connect the history of human rights with the history of economics, he says that there are two main steps to do:

The first was the heroic era of national welfare states after World War II.

Second, in the 1940s, politics and economics took over the country.

But three important things were left out of Franklin Roosevelt's famous State of the Union call for a second Bill of Rights that included protections for the poor and the middle class: Provincial America's entry into the North Atlantic consensus, which promises and imagines a world without hunger. During the years after 1940, favoritism caused the world to split into two camps: one led by the United States and one led by the Soviet Union. This caused a lot of damage to human rights. Also, post-World War II decolonization did not provide the intended prosperity and human rights because these governments put "national well-being" above "equal rights."

Samuel Moyn asks whether or not there should be another human rights movement. He then uses Herodotus' example of truth and reality, which was about the need for social and economic justice to be transferred from the rich to the poor around the world. They say that everyone has the same amount of freedom and right, but this isn't true in real life. Until and unless this economic and political framework is still in place, humans won't be able to have true freedom and rights. The government must make and enforce laws that make sure that everyone has the same amount of money, and huge and radical movements are important for an egalitarian society.

In the end, our shared fate is to live in the world like Croesus. In this world, the rich have a lot of fun, freedom, and everything, while the poor live in the realm of illusion, where they have floating equality and freedom.

                                                                Answer the following questions.

a. What is the first human rights declaration adopted by the United Nations?

➜ The first human rights declaration adopted by the United Nations is mobilization for economic and social rights.

b. When is Human Rights Day observed?

➜ Human Rights Day is observed on 10th December every year.

c. What is the goal of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

➜ The goal of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is to provide a list of the most basic entitlements or key values like fairness, dignity, equality and respect that humans deserve thanks to being human itself. Furthermore, its aim is to assert the " foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the in the world."

d. What are two big stages that involve writing the history of human rights in relation to that of political economy?

➜ The two big stages that involve writing the history of human rights in relation to that of political economy are:

·         The heroic age of national welfare after World War II.

·         The bitter enemies of the new cold war era in 1948.

e. What are the facts that have been missed in Roosevelt’s call for a “second Bill of Rights”?

➜ The facts that have been missed in Roosevelt's call for a "second Bill of Rights" are:

·         First, it marked a characteristically provincial America's Late and ginger entry into an already foreordained North Atlantic consensus.

·         Second, his highest promise was not a floor of protection for the masses but the end of "special privileges for the few" - a ceiling on inequality.

·         Lastly, Roosevelt certainly hoped it would span the globe but it was organized nationally, not internationally.

f. Write the truth expressed in Herodotus’s Histories.

➜ The truth expressed in Herodotus' Histories is that global socio-economic justice, like local socio-economic justice, would require redistribution under pressure from the rich to the poor by novel forms of legal activism.

g. Why is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights important to you?

➜ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is important to me as it works in favour of all human beings for their rights, justice, equality, equity by removing partiality, injustice, inequality, discrimination, and so on from society.

h. Is another human rights movement necessary? Why?

➜ Yes, another human rights movement is necessary as the essayist finds Human Rights is functioning under political suppression constrained in human affairs. He wishes to see another Human rights movement in the coming days due to following reasons:

·         People who are in powerful positions found violating the laws.

·         Inequality has been contained in human affairs.

·         Nepotism and favouritism is still in practice.

·         Law is to be given top priority.

·         Political and social hegemony is still prevalent in the world.

·         Laws and rights are only documented rather it is not in practice.

·         There is need of rights and justice for all human beings whether they are rich or poor, belong to upper class or lower class.

h. What are the challenges in maintaining human rights in Nepal? vvi

➜ Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to everyone. International law, including treaties, contain the provisions which give human rights legal effect.

Human rights was established in the year 2000 as a statutory body under the Human Rights Commission Act 1997 (2053 BS) in Nepal. The interim Constitution of Nepal 2007 (2063 BS) made the NHRC a constitutional body.

The main challenging factors in maintaining human rights in Nepal are as follows:

Ø  Poverty (particularly in rural areas)                                  *  Education disparities

Ø  Gender inequality                                                                     *Health issues

Ø  Child rights violations                                                             *  Misuse of power

Ø  Nepotism, corruption, bribery, illiteracy and ignorance of people

Ø  Priority for the personal benefits or favour

Ø  Lack of proper mechanism to systematize policies

Lack of proper strategies to implement the rules of laws etc.